Resume References
Definition: Resume references are professional contacts who can vouch for your work performance. Modern best practice: never include references on your resume itself. Prepare a separate references document to provide when requested.
The "References Available Upon Request" Myth
This phrase is outdated and wastes valuable resume space. Employers assume you have references — you don't need to state it.
Proper References Handling
- Don't include on resume: References take up space better used for achievements
- Prepare separate document: Create a "References" document with 3-5 contacts
- When to share: Only provide when explicitly requested, typically in final interview stages
- Format: Name, title, company, phone, email, your relationship ("Direct Manager, 2019-2022")
Choosing Strong References
Best: Direct managers from recent roles. Good: Colleagues, clients, or skip-level managers. Avoid: Friends, family, professors (unless you're entry-level).
ATS Impact
ATS doesn't parse or score references. They're irrelevant until human decision-makers request them.
Should I include references on my resume?
No. Never include references or the phrase "References available upon request" on your resume. This wastes space and is assumed. Prepare a separate references document to provide only when explicitly requested during final interview stages.
How many references should I have?
Prepare 3-5 professional references: ideally 2-3 direct managers from recent roles, plus 1-2 senior colleagues or clients. Always ask permission before listing someone as a reference and brief them on the role you're pursuing.
When do employers check references?
Typically in final interview stages, after a verbal offer, or as part of background check process. References are used to verify your work history and performance claims, not to make initial screening decisions. ATS never processes references.